Bibl.: de Maigret 1974: 582, 13, tav. IV, 4.
Gazzella o ibex recumbente verso destra, pianta in campo.
Cfr. Bivar 1969: tav. 19, FH 7-10.
1
Impressioni di sigilli sono documentate in un ampio spettro di
tipologie testuali a carattere pubblico e privato: i testi amministrativi
in primo luogo, ma anche impegni o ricevute di pagamento, contratti
di vendita, affitto o permuta di beni immobili e mobili (schiavi,
animali, strumenti, prebende templari, ecc.), contratti di apprendistato,
adozioni, testamenti, contratti di matrimonio, stipula o scioglimento
di società d’affari, lettere ufficiali e private, trattati internazionali.
2
La bibliografia in proposito è immensa sia per quanto concerne gli
studi di carattere storico-artistico, sia per quelli che hanno investigato
l’aspetto funzionale dei sigilli in rapporto ai testi scritti nella prassi
amministrativa e legale. Pertanto ci si limita a citare in questa sede
solo alcuni degli studi più importanti che, nel corso del tempo, hanno
stabilito le coordinate metodologiche indispensabili per investigare
le problematiche relative a tipologia, iconografia, stile, tematiche,
materiali impiegati, tecniche di lavorazione e cronologia della glittica
vicino-orientale antica: Ménant 1883; de Clercq 1903; Ward 1910;
Frankfort 1939; Moortgat 1940; Porada 1948; Amiet 1972 e 1980;
Collon 1982, 1986, 1987
a
, 1990, 1997, 2001; Buchanan, Moorey
1988; Mitchell, Searight 2008;Altavilla, Walker 2009. Per una sintesi
della storia degli studi cfr. Collon 1990: 57-59.
3
Si veda ad es. Layard 1853: 608 ‘they were seals or signets to be
impressed on clay and other materials on which public and private
documents were written’, a proposito dei sigilli neo-assiri, i primi
ad essere conosciuti, venuti alla luce negli scavi da lui condotti a
Nimrud e Ninive, nell’Iraq settentrionale.
4
Lo stesso Layard possedeva una collezione di sigilli cilindrici, in
parte provenienti dai suoi scavi in Mesopotamia e in parte acquistati
dalla popolazione locale ‘who usually pick them up on the mounds
after rain’(Layard 1853: 538). I sigilli sono ora parte delle collezioni
del British Museum: si veda in proposito Collon 1987
b
.
5
Sullo ‘stile assiro’ della gioielleria nell’Inghilterra vittoriana si
veda Rudoe 1987
b
.
6
Esponente di un’aristocratica famiglia, Mary Enid Evelyn Guest
(1844-1912) aveva sposato nel 1869 Sir Austen Henry Layard del
quale condivise la carriera politica e diplomatica che fece seguito
alla sua intensa e fortunata attività archeologica in Mesopotamia
fra il 1845 e il 1851. Su Layard archeologo e le motivazioni che lo
indussero ad abbandonare l’attività sul campo si veda Reade 1987.
Bibl.: de Maigret 1974: 582, 13, pl. IV, 4.
Gazelle or ibex kneeling to right, in front of a plant.
Cf. Bivar 1969: pl. 19, FH 7-10.
1
Seal impressions with a wide range of text types, both private
and public, are known: first and foremost administrative texts, but
also payment promises or receipts, sales contracts, contracts for
the renting out or exchanges of movable or immovable goods
(slaves, animals, tools, temple revenues, etc.), apprenticeship
contracts, adoptions, wills, marriage contracts, documents
concerning the forming or closing down of business companies,
official or private letters, and international treaties.
2
The literature on the subject is immense, both in the field of art-
historical studies and in that of the study of the function of seals in
their connection with written texts in administrative and legal
practice. Hence, here I limit myself to citing only some of the most
important studies, those that, in the course of time, have laid down
the main methodological guidelines for the study of the types,
iconographies, styles, themes, materials, manufacturing techniques,
and dates of Ancient Near Eastern glyptics: Ménant 1883; de
Clercq 1903; Ward 1910; Frankfort 1939; Moortgat 1940; Porada
1948; Amiet 1972 e 1980; Collon 1982, 1986, 1987
a
, 1990, 1997,
2001; Buchanan, Moorey 1988; Mitchell, Searight 2008; Altavilla,
Walker 2009. See Collon 1990: 57-59 for a synthesis of the studies
of the ancient Near Eastern Glyptics.
3
See for example Layard 1853: 608, ‘they were seals or signets to
be impressed on clay and other materials on which public and
private documents were written’, with reference to Neo-Assyrian
seals, the first to be known in theWestern world, come to light in the
excavations he carried out at Nimrud and Nineveh in northern Iraq.
4
Layard himself owned a collection of cylinder seals, partly from
his excavations in Mesopotamia and partly purchased from local
people, ‘who usually pick them up on the mounds after rain’
(Layard 1853: 538). These seals are now in the British Museum;
see Collon 1987
b
.
5
On the ‘Assyrian style’ of jewelry in Victorian England, see
Rudoe 1987
b
.
6
An exponent of an aristocratic family, Mary Enid Evelyn Guest
(1844-1912) had married Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1869, and
followed him in the political and diplomatic career he embarked
in after his intense and fortunate archaeological explorations in
Mesopotamia from 1845 to 1851. On Layard as an archaeologist
Museo Orientale ‘Umberto Scerrato’
50
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